Iterambere ry'inganda

Ubushinwa ni kimwe mu bihugu byavumbuye ibyuma bizunguruka kare ku isi, kandi imiterere y’ibyuma bizunguruka yanditswe mu bitabo bya kera by’Abashinwa. Ukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo n’amakuru, icyuma cya kera cyane mu Bushinwa gifite imiterere igezweho y’ibyuma bizunguruka cyagaragaye mu myaka ya 221-207 mbere ya Yesu (Ingoma ya Qin) mu Mudugudu wa Xuejiaya, Akarere ka Yongji, Intara ya Shanxi. Nyuma y’ishingwa rya New China, cyane cyane kuva mu myaka ya 1970, bitewe n’imbaraga zikomeye zo kuvugurura no gufungura, inganda zitunganya ibyuma zinjiye mu gihe gishya cy’iterambere ryihuse kandi ryimbitse.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, Umwongereza C. Vallow yashushanyije kandi akora Imipira yo guterura, kandi bayishyize ku makamyo yo mu iposita kugira ngo igeragerezwe, maze Ubwongereza P. Worth butanga uburenganzira ku ikoreshwa ry’umupira. Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 18, HR Hertz wo mu Budage yasohoye inyandiko ivuga ku muvuduko w’ingufu z’umupira. Bashingiye ku byo Hertz yagezeho, R. Stribeck wo mu Budage, A. Palmgren wo muri Suwede n’abandi bakoze ibizamini byinshi, banagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’inyigisho y’imiterere y’ingufu z’umupira no kubara igihe cy’umunaniro. Nyuma, NP Petrov wo mu Burusiya yakoresheje itegeko rya Newton ryo kubara umuvuduko w’ingufu z’umupira.

O. Reynolds wo mu Bwongereza yakoze isesengura ry’imibare ku buvumbuzi bwa Thor maze akuramo ikigereranyo cya Reynolds, cyashinze ishingiro ry’inyigisho yo gusiga amavuta mu buryo bwa hydrodynamic. Uburyo bwa mbere bwo gupima umurongo ni umurongo w’ibiti byashyizwe munsi y’ikibaho cyo gusiga. Ubu buryo bushobora kuba bwaratangiye kuva mu iyubakwa rya Piramide Nkuru ya Giza, nubwo nta gihamya igaragara ibi. Imashini zo gupima umurongo zigezweho zikoresha ihame rimwe ry’imikorere, ariko rimwe na rimwe zikoresha umupira aho gukoresha ikizingo. Ibyuma bya mbere bizunguruka kandi bizunguruka byari bikozwe mu giti. Ibumba, safiro, cyangwa ikirahure nabyo birakoreshwa, kandi icyuma, umuringa, ibindi byuma, na pulasitiki (nka nylon, bakelite, Teflon, na UHMWPE) byose bikunze gukoreshwa.

Ibyuma bizunguruka birakenewe mu bikorwa byinshi, kuva ku myenda ikomeye y'amapine n'imashini kugeza ku bice by'isaha bigezweho. Ubwoko bworoshye bwo kuzunguruka ni ibyuma bizunguruka, ari byo bivanze hagati y'uruziga n'ibyuma bizunguruka. Iyi miterere yaje gusimburwa n'ibyuma bizunguruka, byasimbuye ibyuma bya mbere bizunguruka n'ibyuma byinshi bizunguruka, buri kimwe muri byo gikora nk'uruziga rwihariye. Ibyuma bya mbere bizunguruka bifite akazu byavumbuwe n'umufundi w'amasaha John Harrison mu 1760 kugira ngo hakorwe chronograph ya H3.

Urugero rwa mbere rw'icyuma gifata umupira cyabonetse ku bwato bwa kera bw'Abaroma bwabonetse mu kiyaga cya Nami, mu Butaliyani. Ubu bwato bw'icyuma gikozwe mu giti bukoreshwa mu gushyigikira ameza azenguruka. Ubwato bwubatswe mu 40 mbere ya Yesu. Bivugwa ko Leonardo Da Vinci yavuze ubwoko bw'icyuma gifata umupira ahagana mu 1500. Mu bintu bitandukanye bitarakura by'icyuma gifata umupira, ingingo y'ingenzi cyane ni uko hazabaho kugongana hagati y'imipira, bigatera kwiyongera k'ubushyamirane. Ariko ibi bishobora kwirindwa ushyize umupira mu kato.

Mu kinyejana cya 17, Galileo Galilea yatanze ibisobanuro bya mbere ku migozi y'umupira "ifite umupira uhamye", cyangwa "umupira w'akazu". Ariko, mu gihe kirekire cyakurikiyeho, gushyiraho imigozi kuri iyo mashini ntibyakozwe. Ipatanti ya mbere y'umuyoboro w'umupira yatanzwe na Philip Vaughan wo muri Carmarthen mu 1794.

Mu 1883, Friedrich Fischer yatanze igitekerezo cyo gukoresha imashini ikora neza kugira ngo isya imipira y'icyuma ifite ingano imwe kandi ifite uruziga nyarwo. Ibi byashinze urufatiro rwo gushinga inganda zigenga zikora imipira. “Fischers Automatische Guß Inyuguti za mbere stahlkugelfabrik cyangwa Fischer Aktien-Gesellschaft zabaye ikirango cy’ubucuruzi, cyanditswe ku ya 29 Nyakanga 1905.

Mu 1962, ikirango cya FAG cyarahinduwe kandi kiracyakoreshwa na n'ubu, kiba igice cy'ingenzi cy'ikigo mu 1979.

Mu 1895, Henry Timken yakoze icyuma cya mbere cy’urukiramende gifite imigozi irambuye, yagikoze nyuma y’imyaka itatu maze ashinga Timken.

Mu 1907, Sven Winqvist wo mu ruganda rwa SKF Bearing yakoze umupira wa mbere ugezweho wo kwihuza.

Ingufu zo guteka ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibikoresho byose bya mekanike, kandi ubuziranenge bwabyo, imikorere yabyo, ubuzima bwabyo n'ubwizigirwa bwabyo bigira uruhare runini mu buziranenge, imikorere, ubuzima n'ubwizigirwa bya nyiri mekanike. Mu bicuruzwa bya mekanike, ingufu zo guteka ni iz'ibicuruzwa bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ntibikenera gusa inkunga yuzuye y'imibare, fiziki n'andi mashami menshi, ahubwo binakenera ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya no gupima neza, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura imibare n'uburyo bwiza bwo kubara hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rikomeye rya mudasobwa n'andi mashami menshi yo gukora, bityo ingufu zo guteka ni ikimenyetso cy'imbaraga z'igihugu za siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga z'ibicuruzwa.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibigo bizwi ku isi byinjiye ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku biti mu Bushinwa kandi bishyiraho ishingiro ry’ibicuruzwa, nka Sweden SKF Group, Germany Schaeffler Group, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika Timken Company, NSK Company yo mu Buyapani, NTN Company n'ibindi. Ibi bigo si ibikorwa mpuzamahanga gusa, ahubwo ni inganda mpuzamahanga, byishingikiriza ku byiza by’ikirango, ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga, imari n’umusaruro, kandi ibigo bikomoka ku biti mu gihugu byatangije irushanwa rikomeye. Bitewe n’iterambere ry’inganda zitwara ibiti mu Bushinwa, imiterere y’ibicuruzwa byo mu gikoresho izahinduka, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa byabyo byo ku rwego rwo hejuru mu bicuruzwa kiziyongera, igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa nacyo kiziyongera, umusaruro w’ibiti mu Bushinwa witezweho kuba inkingi nini ku isi mu bicuruzwa bikomoka ku biti no kugurisha.

Kubera ko ipiganwa rikomeje kwiyongera mu nganda zikora ibikoresho bipima ingano, kwishyira hamwe no kugura no gukora ibikorwa by'imari hagati y'ibigo binini bikora ibikoresho bipima ingano birimo kwiyongera, kandi ibigo bikora ibikoresho bipima ingano bipima ingano birushaho kwita ku bushakashatsi ku isoko ry'inganda, cyane cyane ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bijyanye n'iterambere ry'inganda n'abaguzi b'ibicuruzwa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umubare munini w'ibigo bikora ibikoresho bipima ingano bipima ingano byazamutse cyane buhoro buhoro kandi buhoro buhoro biba ibya mbere mu nganda zikora ibikoresho bipima ingano!