Te whanaketanga o te umanga peera

Ko Haina tētahi o ngā whenua i hanga i ngā peera hurihuri i mua o te ao, ā, kua tuhia te hanganga o ngā peera toki ki roto i ngā pukapuka Hainamana onamata. Mai i te tirohanga a ngā taonga tuku iho me ngā raraunga whaipara tangata, i puta te peera tawhito rawa atu o Haina me te tauira o te hanganga peera hurihuri hou i te tau 221-207 BC (Qin Dynasty) i te Kāinga o Xuejiaya, Yongji County, Shanxi Province. Whai muri i te whakatūnga o New China, inā koa mai i te tekau tau atu i 1970, i raro i te kaha o te whakahoutanga me te whakatuwheratanga, kua uru te umanga peera ki tētahi wā hou o te whanaketanga tere kounga teitei.

I te mutunga o te rautau 17, i hoahoatia, i hangaia hoki e te Piritana a C. Vallow Ngā Peera Pōro, ā, i tāutahia ki runga i ngā taraka mēra hei whakamātautau, ā, i patenthia e te Piritana a P. Worth te peera pōro. I te mutunga o te rautau 18, i whakaputa a HR Hertz o Tiamana i tētahi pepa mō te ahotea whakapā o ngā peera pōro. I runga i ngā whakatutukitanga a Hertz, i whakahaerehia e R. Stribeck o Tiamana, A. Palmgren o Huitene me ētahi atu he maha ngā whakamātautau, ā, i whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te ariā hoahoa o ngā peera hurihuri me te tatau i te roa o te ngenge. Nō muri mai, i whakamahia e NP Petrov o Rūhia te ture matotoru a Newton hei tatau i te waku peera.

I whakahaerehia e O. Reynolds o te United Kingdom tētahi tātaritanga pāngarau mō te kitenga a Thor, ā, i ahu mai i a ia te whārite Reynolds, nāna i whakatakoto te turanga o te ariā o te hinu whakahinuhinu wai. Ko te āhua tōmua o te peera nekehanga raina he rarangi pou rakau i whakatakotoria i raro i te pereti reti. Tērā pea i ahu mai te tikanga i te hanganga o te Piramiti Nui o Giza, ahakoa kāore he taunakitanga mārama mō tēnei. Ka whakamahia e ngā peera nekehanga raina hou te kaupapa mahi kotahi, engari i ētahi wā ka whakamahia he pōro hei utu mō te roeraKo ngā whāriki tinana reti me te hurihuri tuatahi i hangaia ki te rakau. Ka whakamahia hoki te uku, te hapaira, te karāhe rānei, ā, ko te maitai, te parahi, ētahi atu konganuku, me ngā kirihou (pērā i te nairona, te bakelite, te Teflon, me te UHMWPE) he mea whakamahi noa.

He maha ngā whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana ngā peera hurihuri, mai i ngā toki wira taumaha me ngā miro mīhini ki ngā wāhanga mataaratanga tika. Ko te momo peera hurihuri māmā rawa ko te peera pū, he peera noa iho i waenganui i te wira me te toki. Nō muri mai ka whakakapia tēnei hoahoa e ngā peera hurihuri, i whakakapi i te peera taketake me ētahi roera porotaka, ia roera he rite ki te wira motuhake. Ko te peera hurihuri mahi tuatahi me te whare herehere i hangaia e te kaihanga mataaratanga a John Harrison i te tau 1760 mō te hanga o te chronograph H3.

I kitea tētahi tauira tōmua o te whāriki pōro i runga i tētahi kaipuke Rōmana tawhito i kitea i te roto o Nami, Itari. Ka whakamahia tēnei whāriki pōro rakau hei tautoko i te papa tēpu hurihuri. I hangaia te kaipuke i te tau 40 BC. E kiia ana i whakaahua a Leonardo Da Vinci i tētahi momo whāriki pōro i te tau 1500 pea. I roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā whāriki pōro kāore anō kia pakari, ko tētahi mea nui ko te tukinga i waenganui i ngā pōro, ka puta he waku anō. Engari ka taea te ārai i tēnei mā te whakanoho i te pōro ki roto i tētahi whare herehere.

I te rautau 17, nā Galileo Galilea i whakaahua tuatahi ngā peera poro "poro pumau", "poro whare herehere" rānei. Heoi, i roto i te wā roa i muri mai, kāore anō kia tutuki te tāutanga o ngā peera ki te mīhini. Ko te patent tuatahi mō te awa poro i tukuna e Philip Vaughan o Carmarthen i te tau 1794.

I te tau 1883, i whakaarohia e Friedrich Fischer te whakaaro mō te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whakaputa tika hei huri i ngā pōro maitai he rite te rahi me te porowhita tika. Nā tēnei i whakatakoto te turanga mō te hanganga o tētahi umanga peera motuhake. “Fischers Automatische Guß Ko ngā kupu tuatahi stahlkugelfabrik, Fischer Aktien-Gesellschaft rānei, i riro hei tohu hokohoko, i rēhitatia i te 29 o Hūrae 1905.

I te tau 1962, i whakarerekētia te tohu hokohoko FAG, ā, kei te whakamahia tonutia i ēnei rā, ā, i te tau 1979 ka noho hei wāhanga nui o te kamupene.

I te tau 1895, i hoahoatia e Henry Timken te tuatahi o ngā peera roera whakarara, ā, i muri i ngā tau e toru i muri mai ka patenttia e ia, ā, i whakatūria e ia a Timken.

I te tau 1907, i hoahoa a Sven Winqvist o te wheketere SKF Bearing i ngā peera pōro whakahāngai-ake tuatahi o ēnei rā.

He wāhanga matua nui te peera o ngā momo taputapu miihini katoa, ā, ko tōna tika, te mahi, te roa o te ora me te pono he mea nui ki te tika, te mahi, te roa o te ora me te pono o te taputapu. I roto i ngā hua miihini, he hua tino tika ngā peera, ehara i te mea me tautoko whānuitia e te pāngarau, te ahupūngao me te maha atu o ngā marautanga, engari me whai hoki i te pūtaiao rauemi, te hangarau maimoatanga wera, te hangarau miihini me te ine tika, te hangarau whakahaere tau me ngā tikanga tau whai hua me te hangarau rorohiko kaha me te maha atu o ngā marautanga hei mahi, nō reira ko te peera he tohu mō te kaha pūtaiao me te hangarau ā-motu o te hua.

I ngā tau tata nei, kua uru atu ngā umanga rongonui o te ao ki te mākete peera Haina, ā, kua whakatūria he turanga whakaputa, pērā i a Sweden SKF Group, Tiamana Schaeffler Group, te Kamupene Timken o te United States, te Kamupene NSK o Hapani, te Kamupene NTN me ētahi atu. Ehara i te mea ko ēnei kamupene anake ngā mahi o te ao, engari ko te hanga o te ao hoki, e whakawhirinaki ana rātou ki ngā painga o te waitohu, ngā taputapu, te hangarau, te whakapaipai me te tauine whakaputa, ā, kua tīmata he whakataetae nui ki ngā umanga peera ā-rohe. I te whanaketanga o te umanga manaaki peera o Haina, ka rerekē te hanganga hua o te ringaringa pou, ka piki ake te ōwehenga o ana hua teitei i roto i te hua, ka piki ake hoki te utu hoko kotahi, e kiia ana ko te hanga peera o Haina te turanga whakaputa me te hoko peera nui rawa atu o te ao.

I te kaha haere tonu o te whakataetae i roto i te umanga hanga peera, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā hanumi me ngā hoko me ngā mahi whakapaipai i waenga i ngā umanga hanga peera nui, ā, kei te aro nui ake ngā umanga hanga peera pai o te motu ki te rangahau i te mākete umanga, inā koa te rangahau hōhonu o te taiao whanaketanga ahumahi me ngā kaihoko hua. Nā tēnei, he maha ngā waitohu hanga peera pai o te motu kua tere te piki ake, ā, kua noho hei kaiārahi i roto i te umanga hanga peera!