Ko te whakamahinga matua o ngā hua karāhe

Ka taea e ngā hua karāwhata te tuku i ngā hihi pūwhero tawhiti i muri i te whakamahana.

I waenganui o te wā, i whakawhanakehia te pereki konupūmā-waro e te Hononga o Amerika, ka tīmata te umanga hanga maitai o Hapani ki te whakamahi i te pereki konupūmā-waro mō te whakamatao wai i roto i te oumu pewa. Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā pereki konupūmā-waro i roto i te hanga maitai puta noa i te ao, ā, kua noho hei whakamahinga tuku iho o te karāpeti. I te tīmatanga o te tekau tau, ka tīmata te whakamahi i ngā pereki konupūmā-waro mō te whakapuru i te kaitahuri hau-runga.

Ko ngā rauemi ātete waro konumohe, pereki waro konumohe, e whakamahia nuitia ana mō te whakarewatanga tonu, te taupoki paipa tū-ake maitai papatahi, te pūwero raro wai me te rango pupuhi puna hinu. Ko te maitai e hangaia ana e te whakarewatanga tonu i Hapani he nui ake i te katoa o te hanga.

Ko ngā oko me ngā hua e pā ana ki te whakarewa karāpeti me te oko ātete me ngā hua e pā ana, pērā i te oko, te pounamu kaki piko, te mono me te pūwero, me ētahi atu, he ātete ahi teitei, he iti te whānui wera, he tukanga whakarewa rewa, he pumau hoki nā te urunga me te horo o te konganuku, he pai te pumau o te ru wera i te pāmahana teitei me te kawe hiko pai rawa atu. Nō reira, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te oko karāpeti me ōna hua e pā ana ki te tukanga whakarewa tika. Ko te oko uku karāpeti tuku iho he nui ake te ihirangi waro i te karāpeti tauine, ko te tikanga me nui ake te tauine karāpeti i te mata (- mata), ā, ko te whakapainga nui i roto i te hangarau hanga oko ke ko te momo karāpeti e whakamahia ana, te rahi tauine me te kounga he nui ake te ngāwari, ā, ka whai ake ko te whakamahi i te oko karāpeti silicon carbide hei utu mō te oko uku karāpeti tuku iho. Nā te whakaurunga o te hangarau pēhanga pumau ki roto i te umanga hanga maitai tēnei. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau pēhanga pumau ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te karāpeti tauine iti, i roto i te oko uku karāpeti, me te oko karāpeti silicon carbide, ko te ihirangi o ngā wāhanga tauine nui anake te take, ā, ka whakaitihia te ihirangi waro o te karāpeti ki.

te hanga maitai

Ka taea te whakamahi i te karāpiti me ētahi atu rauemi poke hei whakapūkara i roto i te umanga hanga maitai. He whānuitanga o ngā rauemi waro ka whakamahia i roto i te whakapūkara, tae atu ki te karāpiti horihori, te kōka hinu, te kōka whakarewa me te karāpiti tūturu. Ko te karāpiti tonu tētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o te karāpiti rite-whenua i te ao.

Rauemi kawe

He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te karāpiti i roto i te umanga hiko hei irahiko, paraihe, tokotoko waro, ngongo waro, whakatikatika mercury, hiri karāpiti, wāhanga waea, paninga ngongo pikitia pouaka whakaata me ētahi atu. I roto i ēnei, ko te irahiko karāpiti te mea tino whānuitia te whakamahinga, i roto i te whakarewa o ngā momo maitai koranu, koranu rino, te whakamahinga o te irahiko karāpiti, kātahi ka puta he au kaha i roto i te irahiko ki roto i te rohe rewa oumu, ka puta he pewa, kia huri ai te pūngao hiko ki te pūngao wera, ka piki te pāmahana ki te tata, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te rewa, te tauhohenga rānei. Hei tāpiri, i te wā e hiko ana te konupūmā, te konumohe me te konutai, ka whakamahia hoki e te anode o te pūtau hiko he irahiko karāpiti. Ka whakamahia hoki te irahiko karāpiti hei rauemi kawe o te pane oumu mō te hanga oumu ātete-whakakoi. He nui ngā whakaritenga mō te rahi me te taumata o te matūriki o te karāpiti e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga hiko. Pērā i ngā pākahiko kawakore me ētahi hua waro hiko motuhake, me whakahaere te rahi o te matūriki karāpiti i roto i te whānuitanga o te kaupapa, kia teitei ake te taumata, ā, me iti iho ngā poke kino (te nuinga o te rino konganuku). Ko te karāpiti e whakamahia ana i roto i te ngongo pikitia pouaka whakaata he whai ake i ngā whakaritenga rahi matūriki. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te karāpiti hei hinu whakahinuhinu i roto i te umanga mīhini. He maha ngā wā kāore e taea te whakamahi i te hinu whakahinuhinu i raro i ngā āhuatanga tere teitei, pāmahana teitei, pēhanga teitei, ā, ka taea e ngā rauemi ātete-kakahu karāpiti te mahi me te kore he hinu whakahinuhinu i te pāmahana - me te tere reti tino teitei. He maha ngā taputapu kawe pāpāho waikura, he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi karāpiti i hangaia ki ngā mowhiti piston, ngā hiri me ngā peera, ina oma, kāore e hiahiatia he hinu whakahinuhinu, he hinu whakahinuhinu pai hoki te miraka karāpiti mō te maha o ngā tukatuka whakarewa (te tuhi waea, te tuhi ngongo).

Rauemi ātete-waikura

He pai te pumau matū o te karāpiti. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te karāpiti tukatuka motuhake ko te ātete ki te waikura, te kawe wera pai me te iti o te uruhanga, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te hanga whakawhiti wera, tāke tauhohenga, whakamātao, pourewa mura, pourewa mimiti, whakamahana, tātari, papu me ētahi atu taputapu. Ka whakamahia ēnei taputapu i roto i te hanga matū hinu, te hanga wai-whakarewa, te hanga waikawa me te kawakore, te muka hangai, te pepa me ētahi atu rāngai ahumahi, ka taea te penapena i te maha o ngā rauemi whakarewa. 0 Mō te maka, te oro, te pēhi me ngā rauemi whakarewa pāmahana-teitei nā te iti o te tauwehenga whānui o te karāpiti, me te kaha ki te huri i te makariri me te wera, ka taea te whakamahi hei pokepoke karāhe, i muri i te whakamahinga o te karāpiti, ka whiwhi te whakarewa pango i te rahi tika, te mata maeneene, te hua teitei, ka taea te whakamahi me te kore tukatuka, te tukatuka iti rānei, nā reira ka penapena i te maha o ngā konganuku. Ko te hanga o te carbide me ētahi atu tukanga whakarewa paura, he mea hanga i ngā rauemi karāpiti hei ātete pēhanga ki te sintering o ngā poti. Ko te ipu tipu karaihe silicon monocrystalline, te ipu whakahinuhinu rohe, te whāriki, te taputapu, te whakamahana whakaawe, me ētahi atu, ka tukatukahia ki te karāpiti parakore teitei. I tua atu, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te graphite hei pereti me te turanga whakamahana graphite mo te whakarewa korehau, ngongo oumu ātete pāmahana teitei, tokotoko, pereti, whatunga me ētahi atu waahanga.

Pūngao atomika

He pai te mahi whakaroa i te tere o te iutūniora o te karāpiti, ko te tuatahi hei kaiwhakatikatika e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tauhohenga ngota, ko te tauhohenga uranium-karāpiti te tauhohenga ngota e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Hei rauemi whakaroa i te tere o te tauhohenga pūngao ngota, me teitei te ira rewa, te pumau, te ātete ki te waikura, kia taea ai e te karāpiti te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o runga ake nei. He tino teitei te parakore o te karāpiti e whakamahia ana hei tauhohenga ngota, ā, kaua e neke ake i te tekau (kotahi wāhanga ia miriona) te ihirangi poke, inā koa me iti iho i te ihirangi boron.

Rauemi ārai-paru me te ārai-waikura

Ka taea e te karāpiti te ārai i te tauine o te poiha, e whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau e pā ana mā te tāpiri i tētahi nui o te paura karāpiti ki roto i te wai (tata ki ia tana wai) ka taea te ārai i te tauine i runga i te mata o te poiha. Hei tāpiri, ko te karāpiti e whakamahia ana ki ngā auahi whakarewa, ngā tuanui, ngā piriti, me ngā paipa ka taea te ārai i te waikura me te waikura.

Ētahi atu whakamahinga

I te whanaketanga tonu o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua whakawhanakehia e te tangata he maha ngā whakamahinga hou mō te karāpeti. Ngā hua karāpeti ngāwari. Ko te karāpeti ngāwari, e mōhiotia ana ko te karāpeti whānui, he hua karāpeti hou i whakawhanakehia i te tekau tau atu i 1990. I angitu te rangahau a te Hononga o Amerika i ngā rauemi hiri karāpeti ngāwari hei whakaoti rapanga turuturu o ngā takirere pūngao ngota, ā, i muri mai ka tīmata hoki a Tiamana, a Hapani me Parani ki te whakawhanake me te whakaputa. Haunga ngā āhuatanga o te karāpeti tūturu, he tino ngāwari me te ngāwari tēnei hua. Nō reira, he rauemi hiri tino pai. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā mara hinu, pūngao ngota me ētahi atu mara ahumahi. Kei te piki haere te hiahia o te mākete o te ao i ia tau.

Ko ngā hua tino parakore e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakarewa whakarewa tino parakore, te ahumahi hikohiko, te ahumahi karihi me te hanga pokepokea ai; ko ngā hua noa e whakamahia ana i roto i te tāke hiko konumohe, te oumu whakarewa paura, te oumu ferroalloy me ētahi atu rauemi hanga oumu kohuke.

Ka taea e tā mātou kamupene te whakarato i ngā momo hua karāhe mīhini ki ngā kiritaki, nau mai haere mai ki te whakarato i ngā tuhi whakaritenga motuhake. Nō nā tata nei, kua whakaratohia e tā mātou kamupene ngā hua pūwero karāhe ritenga mō ngā kiritaki tawhito, e ai ki ngā tuhi me ngā whakaritenga a ngā kiritaki tawhito, te kounga me te rahinga, kua oti i te wā tika me te tuku e ai ki tā rātou i oati ai, me te tumanako ka riro mai i a mātou te whakawhirinaki o ētahi atu kiritaki me tō mātou ngaiotanga me te pono.